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1 physical properties of water
физические свойства воды
Свойства самой молекулы; состояние, контролируемое структурой только молекул воды или находящихся во взаимодействии с ними соседних молекул.
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > physical properties of water
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2 water analysis
анализ воды
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water analysis
Study of the chemical, physical and biological properties of water. (Source: PORT)
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > water analysis
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3 property
1. свойство, особенность, качество, характеристика; параметр2. общественность, владение; имущество; хозяйство
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1. характеристика, свойство, особенность2. собственность, владение
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1) свойство; качество; признак; характеристика2) имущество•- antiknock properties
- base exchange properties
- cement slurry properties
- cement slurry fluid properties
- chemical properties
- collecting properties
- colloidal properties
- creep-rupture properties
- crude oil properties
- deplastering properties
- directional strength properties
- downhole properties
- drilling mud properties
- drilling mud suspension property
- elastic properties of formation
- failure properties
- filtering properties
- filtration properties
- filtration drilling mud properties
- flow properties
- fluid properties
- fluid dynamic properties
- fluid loss properties
- gas-dynamic properties
- gelling property
- hydrodynamic properties
- insulating properties
- isolating properties
- lithological properties
- lubricating property
- molecular surface properties
- mud-making properties
- objectionable drilling mud properties
- oil properties
- oil-and-gas properties
- oil-driving properties
- oil-refining properties
- oil-sweeping properties
- operational properties
- petrophysical rock properties
- phase boundary properties
- physical-and-colloidal properties
- physical-oil properties
- plastering properties
- plugging properties
- proknock properties
- real gas properties
- refractor properties
- reservoir properties
- reservoir petrophysical properties
- rheological properties
- sedimentation properties
- service properties
- strength properties
- stress-strain properties
- thixotropic properties
- utilization properties
- velocity properties
- wall-building properties
- wall-plastering properties
- water-loss property* * *• параметр• признак• свойствоАнгло-русский словарь нефтегазовой промышленности > property
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4 property
1) свойство; качество; характеристика2) собственность; владение•- absorption properties - adhesion property - bulk properties - cancerogenic property - cementing property - chemical properties - city property - cold resisting property - creep property - directional properties - dynamic properties - elastic properties - estate property - filtering property - fixed property - flexural property - hydrophobic property - hydroscopic property - income property - insulating property - mechanical properties - organoleptic property - personal property - physical properties - real property - refractory property - sealing property - sound-proofing properties - static properties - strength property - thermal property - toxic properties - water-resisting property* * *1. свойство; качество; характеристика; способность2. владение; земельная собственность; застроенный земельный участок; хозяйство- properties of cross sections
- properties of materials
- acoustical properties
- adjacent property
- application property
- basic material properties
- cementing property
- characteristic properties
- cold resisting property
- cryogenic properties of concrete
- durability-related properties
- geometric properties of sections
- index properties
- insulating properties
- mechanical properties
- physical properties
- pozzolanic properties
- real property
- sectional properties
- setting properties
- viscoelastic properties
- wearing property -
5 freshwater degradation
ухудшение качества пресных вод
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freshwater degradation
Pollution immediately or eventually involves the hydrological cycle of the earth, because even pollutants emitted into the air and those present in the soil are washed out by precipitation. Water is considered polluted when it is altered in composition or condition so that it becomes less suitable for any or all of the functions and purposes for which it would be suitable in its natural state. This definition includes changes in the physical, chemical and biological properties of water, or such discharges of liquid, gaseous or solid substances into water as will or are likely to create nuisances or render such water harmful to public health, safety or welfare, or to domestic, commercial, industrial, agricultural, fish or other aquatic life. It also includes changes in temperatures, due to the discharge of hot water. (Source: WPR)
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > freshwater degradation
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6 soil moisture regime
режим влажности почвы
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soil moisture regime
The water regime of the soil is determined by the physical properties and arrangement of the soil particles. The pores in a soil determine its water-retention characteristics. When all the pores are full of water, the soil is said to be saturated. (Source: DUNSTE)
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > soil moisture regime
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7 soil mechanics
механика грунтов
Наука, изучающая свойства грунтов и их поведение под нагрузкой
[Терминологический словарь по строительству на 12 языках (ВНИИИС Госстроя СССР)]EN
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почвенная механика
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soil mechanics
The study of the physical properties of soil, especially those properties that affect its ability to bear weight such as water content, density, strength, etc. (Source: CED)
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > soil mechanics
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8 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
SUBJECT AREA: Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 1 June 1796 Paris, Franced. 24 August 1831 Paris, France[br]French laid the foundations for modern thermodynamics through his book Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu when he stated that the efficiency of an engine depended on the working substance and the temperature drop between the incoming and outgoing steam.[br]Sadi was the eldest son of Lazare Carnot, who was prominent as one of Napoleon's military and civil advisers. Sadi was born in the Palais du Petit Luxembourg and grew up during the Napoleonic wars. He was tutored by his father until in 1812, at the minimum age of 16, he entered the Ecole Polytechnique to study stress analysis, mechanics, descriptive geometry and chemistry. He organized the students to fight against the allies at Vincennes in 1814. He left the Polytechnique that October and went to the Ecole du Génie at Metz as a student second lieutenant. While there, he wrote several scientific papers, but on the Restoration in 1815 he was regarded with suspicion because of the support his father had given Napoleon. In 1816, on completion of his studies, Sadi became a second lieutenant in the Metz engineering regiment and spent his time in garrison duty, drawing up plans of fortifications. He seized the chance to escape from this dull routine in 1819 through an appointment to the army general staff corps in Paris, where he took leave of absence on half pay and began further courses of study at the Sorbonne, Collège de France, Ecole des Mines and the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers. He was inter-ested in industrial development, political economy, tax reform and the fine arts.It was not until 1821 that he began to concentrate on the steam-engine, and he soon proposed his early form of the Carnot cycle. He sought to find a general solution to cover all types of steam-engine, and reduced their operation to three basic stages: an isothermal expansion as the steam entered the cylinder; an adiabatic expansion; and an isothermal compression in the condenser. In 1824 he published his Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu, which was well received at the time but quickly forgotten. In it he accepted the caloric theory of heat but pointed out the impossibility of perpetual motion. His main contribution to a correct understanding of a heat engine, however, lay in his suggestion that power can be produced only where there exists a temperature difference due "not to an actual consumption of caloric but to its transportation from a warm body to a cold body". He used the analogy of a water-wheel with the water falling around its circumference. He proposed the true Carnot cycle with the addition of a final adiabatic compression in which motive power was con sumed to heat the gas to its original incoming temperature and so closed the cycle. He realized the importance of beginning with the temperature of the fire and not the steam in the boiler. These ideas were not taken up in the study of thermodynartiics until after Sadi's death when B.P.E.Clapeyron discovered his book in 1834.In 1824 Sadi was recalled to military service as a staff captain, but he resigned in 1828 to devote his time to physics and economics. He continued his work on steam-engines and began to develop a kinetic theory of heat. In 1831 he was investigating the physical properties of gases and vapours, especially the relationship between temperature and pressure. In June 1832 he contracted scarlet fever, which was followed by "brain fever". He made a partial recovery, but that August he fell victim to a cholera epidemic to which he quickly succumbed.[br]Bibliography1824, Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu; pub. 1960, trans. R.H.Thurston, New York: Dover Publications; pub. 1978, trans. Robert Fox, Paris (full biographical accounts are provided in the introductions of the translated editions).Further ReadingDictionary of Scientific Biography, 1971, Vol. III, New York: C.Scribner's Sons. T.I.Williams (ed.), 1969, A Biographical Dictionary of Scientists, London: A. \& C.Black.Chambers Concise Dictionary of Scientists, 1989, Cambridge.D.S.L.Cardwell, 1971, from Watt to Clausius. The Rise of Thermodynamics in the Early Industrial Age, London: Heinemann (discusses Carnot's theories of heat).RLHBiographical history of technology > Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi
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9 polychlorinated biphenyl
полихлорированный бифенил
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polychlorinated biphenyl
PCBs are a family of chemical compounds which do not exist in nature but which are man-made. Commercial mixtures are clear, pale yellow liquids, manufactured by the replacement of hydrogen atoms on the biphenyl molecule by chlorine. Because of their physical properties, PCBs are commonly found in electrical equipment which requires dielectric fluid such as power transformers and capacitors, as well as in hydraulic machinery, vacuum pumps, compressors and heat-exchanger fluids. Other uses include: lubricants, fluorescent light ballasts, paints, glues, waxes, carbonless copy paper, inks including newspapers, dust-control agents for dirt roads, solvents for spreading insecticides, cutting oils. PCBs are stable compounds and although they are no longer manufactured they are extremely persistent and remain in huge quantities in the atmosphere and in landfill sites. They are not water-soluble and float on the surface of water where they are eaten by aquatic animals and so enter the food chain. PCBs are fat-soluble, and are therefore easy to take into the system, but difficult to excrete. (Source: PZ / PHC)
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > polychlorinated biphenyl
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10 limnology
лимнология
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limnology
The study of bodies of fresh water with reference to their plant and animal life, physical properties, geographical features, etc. (Source: CED)
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > limnology
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11 Berthollet, Claude-Louis
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 9 November 1748 Talloise, near Lake Annecy, Franced. 6 November 1822 Arceuil, France[br]French chemist who made important innovations in textile chemistry.[br]Berthollet qualified as a medical doctor and pursued chemical researches, notably into "muriatic acid" (chlorine), then recently discovered by Scheele. He was one of the first chemists to embrace the new system of chemistry advanced by Lavoisier. Berthollet held several official appointments, among them inspector of dye works (from 1784) and Director of the Manufacture Nationale des Gobelins. These appointments enabled him to continue his researches and embark on a series of publications on the practical applications of chlorine, prussic acid (hydrocyanic acid) and ammonia. He clearly demonstrated the benefits of the French practice of appointing scientists to the state manufactories.There were two practical results of Berthollet's studies of chlorine. First, he produced a powerful explosive by substituting potassium chlorate, formed by the action of chlorine on potash, in place of nitre (potassium nitrate) in gunpowder. Then, mainly from humanitarian motives, he followed up Scheele's observation of the bleaching properties of chlorine water, in order to release for cultivation the considerable areas of land that had hitherto been required by the old bleaching process. The chlorine method greatly speeded up bleaching; this was a vital factor in the revolution in the textile industries.After a visit to Egypt in 1799, Berthollet carried out many experiments on dyeing, seeking to place this ancient craft onto a scientific basis. His work is summed up in his Eléments de l'art de la teinture, Paris, 1791.[br]Bibliography1791, Eléments de Van de la teinture, Paris (covers his work on dyeing).Berthollet published two books of importance in the early history of physical chemistry: 1801, Recherches sur les lois de l'affinité, Paris.1803, Essai de statique chimique, Paris.Annales de Chimie.Further ReadingE.F.Jomard, 1844, Notice sur la vie et les ouvrages de Claude-Louis Berthollet, Annecy.E.Farber, 1961, Great Chemists, New York: Interscience, pp. 32–4 (includes a short biographical account).LRDBiographical history of technology > Berthollet, Claude-Louis
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